Context

Context has a great influence on how we perceive our world. We judge the value or importance of a thing based on what is around it. For example, when a famous violinist played in a subway station, no one recognized him or gave him any attention. Because the musician was playing in a subway and not a theatre, the pedestrians did not give him a second glance. When I visited the MoMA (Museum of Modern Art), I had a similar thought to this. I have seen several pieces of modern paintings that I believe the average person, or even a child, could create. When I had gone to a friend's house I had seen a framed drawing that my friend or one of their siblings had done when they were a child. At first glance, I thought it was a small piece of modern art. As I got closer I saw that it was just a child's drawing on a sheet of paper.
Because the context of the drawing was it hanging on a wall, the same as I had seen many of works of modern art, my brain quickly assumed that the piece was modern art as opposed to a child's drawing.

Sense Perception and Knowledge of the External World

To see 'what is the case' context, inference, concepts, experience and interpretation are required. Context is the events around you experience that cause you to come to the conclusion. Inference is assumed knowledge used to come to the conclusion while experience is knowledge that has been confirmed through past experiences. Concepts are mental representations that help you come to your conclusion. Interpretation is how you use all of these resources and your senses to come to your own personal conclusion.

By 'the fallacy of immaculate perception' Nietzsche means that there is no "innocent eye" or that no one's ind is a complete clean slate when coming to a conclusion therefor multiple different conclusions can all be correct. Joseph Jastrow proves this by using the well-known optical illusion of a duck and rabbit--the person viewing the drawing can only see one animal at a time. In class we have done this when we took the test on the power point and looked at optical illusions; there are multiple answers but they can never all be seen at the same time.

When Abel says "to perceive is to solve a problem" he is talking about how we look for constant patterns so that we can see slight differences, which has survival value. In determining how things 'naturally look' social conditioning is very important. Social conditioning is how the world around you trains you to naturally perceive things. Your first impression of something may very depending on were you live and your culture.

Durer's rhinoceros story is significant for this point because he gave his own perception of a rhinoceros. Because he was not influenced by culture, since he had never seen the animal before, his perception was extremely different from someone who had been exposed to the idea of this animal for their whole life.  

When Abel writes "believing is seeing" he means that believing in something strongly can influence what you think you see. It has been proven that results in social experiments may be influenced by the unconscious bias of the scientists performing them.